The American economy has been shaped by a series of major disruptions, including the Y2K fiasco, the dot-com crash, 9/11, and the 2008 real estate collapse. These events have permanently altered the job market, particularly for millennials born after 1990 who have never experienced a period of sustained manufacturing growth or easy employment. The loss of unionized summer jobs and factory work has left younger generations with fewer opportunities for upward mobility compared to previous decades.


