Historical texts like "The Races of Man" from the 1920s categorized ethnicities like the Irish, Scots, and Swedes as distinct races based on physical stereotypes. Post-WWII anthropology shifted toward a three-race model—Asian, Negroid, and Caucasian—based on genetics rather than nationality. Modern discourse is criticized for conflating religion or culture with race, such as labeling opposition to Islam as "racism" when Islam is not a racial group.
